ROADS, AND THOSE IN TRING.

COACHES AND COACHING INNS.

“But put your best foot forward, or I fear  That we shall miss the mail, and here it comes  With five at top, as quaint a four-in-hand  As you shall see, three pyebalds and a roan.”  Walking to the Mail, Alfred, Lord Tennyson.

Road coaches.
 

The Tudor period saw the development of the road coach, the wheels of which imposed far greater wear on the unmade road surfaces of the time.  These coaches had solid wheel rims and primitive leather strap suspension, which, in conjunction with the deep ruts and potholes of the road surfaces over which they travelled, must have made any journey for their occupants uncomfortable.

Although they first appeared during the 16th century, it was not until the 18th century that coaches came into more common use, the main drawback to coach travel being the poor condition of the roads.  Following the General Highway Act of 1555, road surfaces improved, but to a very limited extent.  Parish surveyors were pressed men, often illiterate and with no training in road engineering, while those performing their six days unpaid statute labour were hardly likely to be enthusiastic about the task.  Stories abound of roads being impassable in wet weather, thus journeys were best made during the summer months.

By the late 18th century, many main roads had come under the control of turnpike trusts and road conditions had begun to improve.  This period of road transport history ― from the first royal mail coaches in the 1780s to the 1840s and the coming of the railways ― is now known as the ‘Golden Age of Coaching’, familiar to us today through sentimental Christmas card scenes of snow-covered stagecoaches arriving to a hearty welcome at a coaching inn.

Stagecoaches.

The stagecoach developed to convey fare-paying passengers, rather than act as the personal conveyance of the gentry and nobility.  The first stagecoach route, from Edinburgh to Leith, commenced in 1610.

An early stagecoach advertisement, from the Birmingham Mail.

The name ‘stagecoach’ is derived from the term ‘stage’, which referred to the distance between stops along a stagecoach route.  During the first decades of the 19th century, when more emphasis was placed on speed, stages were usually between 8 and 10 miles apart and the coach travelled the entire route in stages, changing horses (which took a few minutes) at each.  Coaching inns sprang up along the coaching routes to provide teams of fresh horses and sustenance for coach passengers, including overnight stops on long journeys.

During this period significant developments in road construction were made by Thomas Telford and, to a more widespread extent, by the Scottish road engineer John Loudon McAdam.  Road surfaces improved, and turnpike roads were often straightened, widened, and given gentler curves and gradients.  Stagecoach construction also evolved with the fitting of better brakes and the introduction of steel leaf spring suspension.  These improvements resulted in coach speeds increasing from around 6 to 8 miles per hour, inclusive of stops, which greatly increased the level of mobility of travellers and the speed of mail delivery.  The number of passengers increased, as did the volume of wheeled road traffic.

Stagecoaches were not the only wheeled transport to make good use of the turnpike road through Tring.  By the time of the Sparrows Herne Turnpike Act 1823, which extended the trustees’ powers for a further 21 years and authorised repairs and improvements to the road, it was noted in the press that “a great variety of vehicles now use the road – coach, berlin, landau, chariot, calosh, chaise, hearse, wagon, cart, wain or other carriage”.

Coaching life.

“This was the hottest day of the Summer. Several coach horses dropped dead on the roads from the excessive heat.”

Tring Vestry Minutes, 1st September 1824.

Coach travel was by no means straightforward and various hazards had to be contended with.  The earliest coaches had no brakes, careful handling of the horses being the only way to keep the coach at a steady pace and control progress over inclines.  On very steep hills passengers were required to step down and walk.  Other obstacles such as deep ruts, potholes and flooding of the road, together with loose animals, could also cause accidents.  Overall, early coach travel was a most uncomfortable experience and one that did not improve greatly over the years:

“What advantage is it to men’s health to be called out of their beds into these coaches an hour before day in the morning, to be hurried in them from place to place till one hour, two, or three within night, in so much that, after sitting all day in the summertime stifled with heat and choked with the dust, or the wintertime starving and freezing with cold or choked with filthy fogs, they are often brought into their inns by torchlight, when it is too late to sit up to get a supper; and next morning they are forced into the coach so early that they can get no breakfast?  What addition is this to men’s health or business, to ride all day with strangers, oftentimes sick, ancient, diseased persons, or young children crying . . . . and many times . . . . crippled by the crowd of the boxes and bundles?  Is it for a man’s health to travel with tired jades, to be laid fast in the foul ways and forced to wade up to the knees in mire; afterwards sit in the cold till teams of horses can be sent to pull the coach out?  Is it for their health to travel in rotten coaches and to have their tackle or perch or axletree broken, and then to wait three or four hours, (sometimes half a day) to have them mended again, and then to travel all night to make good their stage?  Is it for a man’s pleasure . . . . to be affronted by the rudeness of a surly, doggèd, cursing, ill-natured coachman; necessitated to lodge or bait at the worst inns on the road, where there is no accommodation fit for gentlemen, and this merely because the owners of the inns and the coachmen are agreed together to cheat the guests?”

From a contemporary letter quoted in Travel in England in the Seventeenth Century, Joan Parkes (London, 1925).

In the earliest days of coach travel, it was too precarious for passengers to sit on top, but later designs included two seats behind the driver and two over the luggage box at the rear; outside travellers needed to be aware that it was prudent to stay awake to prevent toppling over the side.  Inside, and at double the cost of outside seating, were two seats facing each other, taking from four to six passengers at a squeeze, with knees touching.  Neither was coach travel comfortable; straw was laid on the floor to absorb the wet and mud; windows had no glass, and in bad weather a leather curtain was rolled down.  Early suspension was by leather straps, which caused an unpleasant swaying motion, but straps were later superseded by steel springs, which enabled the coach body to be lowered; a lower centre of gravity meant the coach was less likely to overturn.

Coach driving was recognised as a skilled profession, with drivers earning the respect of both colleagues and passengers alike.  Coachmen drove on average some 50 miles a day for a weekly wage of approximately a guinea, but the driver also expected a generous tip from each passenger and harassed those who did not pay the expected amount ― some coaching advertisements listed the number of drivers for a given journey, which gave passengers some idea of the tips they would have to pay in addition to the fare.  Other perks for the driver were the delivery of parcels and pocketing the fares collected from passengers picked up between stages.   Most coaches carried a guard, and he too expected a tip.  The guard usually stayed with the coach for the entire distance, thus, on long routes, he may not have been that alert at journey’s end.

The working life of a coach horse was some three to four years.  They needed to be fit and strong to haul a coach at around 10 miles an hour between stages.  Horses for coaching use were generally supplied by local land-owners and farmers, quite often sold due to unsuitability for any other sort of work, but they usually settled down in harness.  Some were bred specially for coaching [1] and were used for the fast mail services; these animals fetched a very high price, as much as £25 each in 1834.

Fares and the ‘booking’ office.

Stagecoach fares were expensive in comparison to the wage of an average individual, and only the well off could afford this form of transport.  For example, in January 1836 the coach operator Joseph Hearn & Co. advertised ‘The Despatch’, an “elegant and light four inside coach” operating on the London to Aylesbury route.  This coach departed from the King’s Head Aylesbury at 7am, then travelled down the turnpike road through Watford to arrive at the King’s Arms, Snow Hill (Holborn), London, shortly after midday.  Fares were 12 shillings inside and 7 outside.  By October, fares had fallen significantly, perhaps an indication of impending competition from the London & Birmingham Railway.  Travellers could then expect to pay 8 shillings inside and 4 outside, but even this reduced fare was expensive when judged against a farm labourer’s weekly wage of around 15s. a week.  But those who could afford it expected the best.  Coach and horses were smartly turned out in the livery colours of their owners, or in the case of the Royal Mail coaches, in red, although this was changed to blue in 1833, supposedly as a compliment to King William IV.

In the context of stagecoach fares, we meet the terms ‘booking’, ‘booked’ and ‘booking office’, all of which come down to us today from the days of stagecoach travel.

In those days of uncertain departures and strictly limited accommodation, it was essential for the intending traveller to secure his place in the stage coach at least twenty-four hours ahead.  It was at the coaching inns that the stage coach proprietors established booking-offices where intending travellers could make arrangements for their journeys.  Here, one of the staff would be engaged to serve as the coach proprietor’s  representative and booking-clerk.  But the intending traveller could not merely place his money on the counter and ask for “single to so-and-so, please”; on the contrary, securing a ticket was a more complicated business.  The clerk was required to enter in his book such details as the passenger’s name, the coach in which accommodation was desired, and whether he preferred to travel inside or outside the coach.  The entries were made in triplicate.  One copy of the paper ticket was handed to the passenger, another was retained in the issuing office, and a third was for the guard of the coach.  It was not usual for the traveller to be called upon to pay his fare when booking; this was paid to the guard at the end of the journey.

For the most part the pioneer railways followed this complicated system of booking inaugurated by the road carriers, the railway booking-offices taking the place of the old coaching inns.  In time the ‘book’ disappeared and railway tickets, similar to what we have today, took over.

Royal Mail coaches.

From time immemorial, the King’s despatches were carried by King’s Messengers. [2]  To speed the progress of royal correspondence, fast relays of horsemen were used under a system first set up by Edward IV.  By Tudor times, when a comprehensive spy network was in place, an important minster known as the ‘Master of the Posts in England’ maintained a regular line of Posts along the roads to Scotland and Dover.

The Royal Mail service was first made available to the public in the reign of Charles II at a time when most of the country’s mail was carried by mounted post boys, whose solitary progress left them a vulnerable prey to highway robbers.  In 1784 when the Post Office adopted the use of Stage Coaches, which became the most important vehicles on the road.  By the 1830s and 1840s, the nightly departure of the mail coaches from the General Post Office in St Martins-le-Grand was one of the sights of London, but by 1846 it was over, replaced by the new, faster railway services.

Royal Mail coach ― Science Museum, London.
This vehicle employs steel leaf spring suspension.

Mail coaches were not owned by the Post Office but by contractors, the only Post Office employee being the Guard, who was armed with a horse pistol and a blunderbuss; he also carried a clock, kept in a leather pouch, and was equipped with a post horn to give advance warning of the coach’s arrival.  Many guards prided themselves on their post-horn blowing skills.  The three-foot long instrument, made of tin, produced four deep and bell-like notes to sound the instantly recognisable message of ‘Clear the Road’.  This was a warning to inn landlords of the imminent arrival of the coach in order that ostlers could have ready the change of horses.  It also alerted toll-gate keepers to open their gates, for the law demanded that vehicles carrying the Royal Mail should encounter no obstructions to impede their progress.

This from the Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire Chronicle, 9th June 1821:
 

Writing in the 1890s, Tring historian Arthur MacDonald had this to say about the local mail coaches:

“There were two Royal Mail coaches passing through Tring, the down mail about midnight, and the up coach about three in the morning, rousing the town by a lively tootling from Parsonage Bottom [3] to the corner of Frogmore Street, where the little Post Office stood [4] apprising the indefatigable Post Mistress, Miss Betsy Montague, of its approach. . . . . these coaches changed horses at the Cow Roast, halfway between Tring and Berkhamsted, then a wayside inn of importance, its stables being filled with the numerous horses then used on the canal, as well as the changing teams for coaches.”

An intricate postal charging scale was based on distances from London, the distances shown being the same as those on milestones by the side of the road.  When a letter was despatched on a cross country route, it was usually carried by a Post Boy on horseback to a Post Office at a mid point, where it was franked with a Mileage Mark showing its distance from London, there to be collected by the mail coach if necessary.  The example shown is a letter sent in 1807 from Bledlow to Buckingham (the addressee of the missive, Thomas Stanhope Badcock, was the father of Vice-Admiral Stanhope who lived for a while at Drayton Manor, south-west of Tring).   The postal charge on this letter, 1s. 2d., is written on the front and is payable at the receiving end.  The mileage mark, ‘41’, is Tring’s distance from London. [5]
 

Tring’s Post Office once stood on the corner of the High Street and Frogmore Street.  Following the introduction of the Uniform Penny Post in 1840, letters could be sent throughout the U.K. for a penny, payment being made with the first prepaid postage stamp, the ‘Penny Black’.  The volume of mail increased and it became apparent that the small cramped office with its inconvenient street corner position was unsuitable.  Tring needed something better-suited to the modern age; the poem in the Appendix explains what happened then, and since.

Some looked forward to travel on the new public railways with fear and apprehension, but these feelings were quickly dispelled when its comparative speed, safety and comfort became apparent:
 

Mail was first carried by train on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830, and in 1838 (the year in which the London & Birmingham Railway opened throughout) legislation was introduced to regulate the conveyance of the mail by railways.  As the railway system spread, the horse-drawn mail coaches disappeared from our roads.  But despite the speed of mail in transit increasing dramatically, this was not reflected in the time it took to distribute it to its recipients.  Mail bags still had to be conveyed between railway stations and sorting offices by conventional means, not always a smooth operation as one disgruntled commentator pointed out:
 

Stagecoach services.

There was fierce competition between rival coach proprietors, which increased following the opening of the London & Birmingham Railway to Tring in October 1837.  Of the many coaches passing through Tring the best known were:
 

A passenger luggage and parcel carrying service was also offered, with no responsibility for anything above the value of £5.

The King William from Kidderminster and Leamington passed through the Town on alternate days, changing horses at the Rose & Crown.  The guard, probably for the sake of distinction, performed on the key bugle:
 

The Dispatch was better known as ‘Wyatt’s Coach’ after its regular driver, James Wyatt.  The Dispatch was the favourite of the road and its punctuality was such that people were said to have set their clocks by it ― but not all agreed that Wyatt was a good timekeeper.  According to the recollections of William Toovey, writing in the King’s Langley Parish Magazine in 1895, “. . . . the driver, Wyatt by name, used to stop very frequently for refreshment, and was known occasionally to stop at the Windmill Inn, Bushey, and join in a rubber of whist, whilst the coach and its passengers waited outside . . . .”  Other than that, his affability to his passengers made it quite the thing to go up by Wyatt’s Coach, and his habit of blowing kisses to a lady fare was too delicately polite to give offence:

Wyatt drove The Dispatch for 40 years.  On his retirement, he was presented with a handsome testimonial by some of his many friends and passengers and it was said that he was only absent from his seat on one day, when he went to give evidence at the murder trial of the keeper of the Aylesbury toll-gate [Chapter 7].  By 1838, The Despatch was operated by warehouseman John Honor Parker, and ran daily from The George at Aylesbury to the Kings Arms, Snow Hill, London.

The Old Union, another Parker coach ran from Buckingham, through Tring and Berkhamsted to Snow Hill, London.  After 1839, Parker began advertising his vehicle as ‘The Union Dispatch’, presumably because he had either rationalised or expanded his business.  His later advertisements show that he was making use of new technology in offering a carrying service by rail in addition to his existing road transport.
 

The Good Intent ran from The Bell or The Plough at Tring to The George, Holborn, starting early at 7 a.m.  Jack Hale, one of the guards on The Good Intent, took over as driver of Tring’s first bus service, which ran between the town and the railway station.

The Young Pilot, rival to The Good Intent, ran from either Aylesbury or Tring (also at 7 a.m.) to London.  The fares were kept very low by the keen competition, which created some excitement along the road, the partisans of the one cheering their favourite as it drove up with “Good Intent forever” and being answered the opposition “Throw him in the river”.

After the London & Birmingham Railway opened, a particularly dashing coach was driven from Watlington and Thame to Tring Station by a Major Fane, with a team of thoroughbred horses which were changed at The Bell on Tring High Street.  Major Fane’s gallantry on the road left Wyatt in the shade, and the bravura performance of his horses resulted, not infrequently, in his coming in with a missing horseshoe, or even short of one of his team through some mishap.

Among the wealthy sections of society, all of whom would own private coaches, was one illustrious user of the road.  It was not an unusual sight in Tring to see the exiled King of France and his retinue rumbling their way from Hartwell House in Aylesbury and on to London.  Bored by country life, King Louis VIII often sought pleasures in the capital, stopping at various coaching inns along the way, particularly The King’s Arms in Berkhamsted where he was said to have a ‘close friend’.

Stage Wagons were a prominent feature on the road, conveying the heavy goods and the poorer travellers.  They were huge cumbrous affairs with eight or nine horses, and would carry as much as 10 tons.  Joseph Hearn of Aylesbury, referred to above, ran wagons as well as passenger coaches.

A stage wagon.

From every town and village in the locality, smaller conveyances, sometimes owned and driven by one individual, provided carrying services to London and to all towns and villages within a wide radius of Tring.  For example, Kelly’s Post Office Directory of 1848 listed 69 such services operating from Aylesbury, with three of these specifically mentioned as serving Tring.  From Tring itself, wagon operators included William Stevens from his house in Dunsley hamlet; Joseph Hedges from The Plough; Thomas Rodwell from The Green Man; Crook and Slade from The Bell; and Elliott, Horwood, and Parker & Co. from the Rose & Crown.

Coachbuilders.

Many skilled trades served the needs of the era of horse-drawn transport, including those of the blacksmith, the wheelwright and, of course, the coach builder.  Such was the volume of traffic that even in small market towns, crafts and businesses of this type could be found.  An 1839 trade directory for Tring lists William Griffin as ‘a wheelwright and gig maker’.  Thirty years later, coachbuilder George Parrott set up premises in Western Road. At the end of the century he took A S Wright, his apprentice, into partnership and in 1910 the firm became known as Wright & Wright when a cousin joined the business.  Robert Wright, who had served his apprenticeship at coachbuilders E. King & Sons of Berkhamsted, remembered:
 

Coaching Inns.

Most towns along main roads boasted one or more coaching inns, often located in a prominent position and serving as the centre for the town’s main activities.   Usually, an imposing entrance doorway led to the interior of the inn, whilst sited to one side was the high archway leading to an inner courtyard of sufficient width to allow a coach to turn round.  Surrounding this, or in the driveway leading to it, were rows of stabling with accommodation above for ostlers and drivers of stage wagons and carriers’ carts, and sometimes an inn owned its own meadows to provide an ample supply of fodder.  Being on one of the chief routes to London, Tring supported several inns that served coaching needs.

Tring High Street looking south. The old Rose & Crown Inn, demolished in 1905,
is on the immediate right.

The Rose & Crown, located on Tring High Street, was the town’s largest coaching inn.  It was first recorded in Tudor times, but is probably older.  Three storeys high and with a central archway, a Georgian frontage was added later thatstood flush with the line of shops facing the public footway.  Built to the general pattern of the times, the rear area enclosed a large yard with stabling facilities and tack rooms.  The Inn was so busy during the heyday of the coaching era that extra stabling was provided at The Plough opposite (now Anusia’s Café); above the stables was a billiards room for recreational use by ostlers and coachmen.  One coach, The Good Intent, owned by The Rose & Crown ran either from The Plough or The Bell.   The advent of the railways adversely affected the coaching trade, and in 1852 the landlord opened a booking office for the London and North-Western Railway Company, and a horse-drawn omnibus provided a service between the inn and Tring Station.

The advent of the railways badly affected the coaching trade, but in 1852 the landlord of the Rose & Crown opened a booking office for the London and North-Western Railway Company and provided a horse-drawn omnibus service between the Inn and Tring Station.

The later Rose & Crown Hotel, with the station horse omnibus in the foreground.

In 1904, the townsfolk of Tring suggested to the then owner, Lord Rothschild, that he might enhance the town with a first-class hotel.  This he agreed to build, his action being reminiscent of a landed medieval lord who erected additional accommodation to house the influx of travellers whom, by custom, were his guests.
 

The new inn was set back from the High Street and built in lavish style, with sports facilities at the rear.  When complete, the new inn was leased by Lord Rothschild to the Hertfordshire Public House Trust, forerunner of Trust House Forte.  The hotel finally closed for business on 29th February 2012, and is now converted to private apartments.

The Bell ― the earliest written reference to this ancient inn is 1611, when Henry Geary was brought before the Justices for keeping The Bell without a licence, and a few years later for being drunk.  Over the years the inn has been heavily restored, including the loss of its fine carved hood over the entrance door, and during demolition of some outbuildings in 1937 timbers were discovered dating to the 13th century.  One theory is that the inn acquired its name from a bell foundry sited at the rear, but there is no evidence to support this.  According to local historian, Arthur Macdonald, during the time of the construction of the London & Birmingham Railway, when hundreds of navvies were employed on digging the Tring cutting, the Parish Constables sometimes had to be called to the premises to sort out various affrays.

Some of the through coaches changed horses at The Bell, and the archway leading to the stable yard still can be seen.  Folklore has it that flitches of bacon and cooked game were hung from the beams under the arch. But if true, and considering this used to be a Right of Way, in those times of serious hunger one wonders how safe a storage space it might have been.  Over the gateway extended a long room that was used for a variety of entertainments ― it was expected that coaching inns could provide an assembly room, such as this, for a various entertainments and meetings.

In 1797 an Act of Parliament was introduced which imposed a five shilling tax on every clock.  The Act was most unpopular and was soon repealed, but during it was in force the response was to hang clocks on the walls of public places, especially in taverns as landlords of larger establishments welcomed the additional trade this could generate.  Ever after, these clocks become known as ‘Act of Parliament’ clocks.  They had weight-driven movements and plain dials of two to five feet in diameter, and one such is known to have hung in The Bell and another is still in place in The King’s Head in Aylesbury.

The King’s Arms ― it is not known exactly when this public house opened, but circumstantial evidence suggests some time during the mid 1830s.  It was built with adjoining stabling to house six or more horses, with a hayloft above.  The pub was named after the ‘Sailor King’ William IV who reigned from 1830 to 1837.  Erected by Tring brewer John Brown, his pub presented a more imposing appearance than the cottage-style beer houses prevalent in the area, and has not changed structurally in any significant way in the intervening years.  Brown chose the sites of the 11 pubs that he built or acquired in the locality with care; his eye to maximising profits of The King’s Arms gained from passing equestrian trade; both The King’s Arms and The Britannia (another of John Brown’s pubs), faced west to welcome travellers approaching the town from the Aylesbury direction.  Also, it is likely that he was aware that the western side of the town would see considerable development, as proved the case in the mid-Victorian period when new side streets, workshops and businesses sprang up within the Tring Triangle.

The Britannia stood at the junction of Western Road and Park Road (a.k.a. “Bottle Cross”).
It is now a private house.

As time went by, the stable block became a corn merchant’s warehouse, the hayloft was converted for use as a meeting room, and the garden was sold for development.  After near-terminal neglect in the 1970s, the Grade II-listed Kings Arms again flourishes, with a reputation for good ale and home cooking, while its distinctive dark pink-colour scheme is a local landmark.
 

The former Royal Hotel, Tring Station.

The Royal Hotel (formerly The Harcourt Arms), Tring Station ― Although built in 1838 to serve the needs of passengers using the new railway station, the hotel was also a Posting House, that is an establishment where horses, a carriage, and a coachman could be hired, as were The Rose & Crown and The Plough in the centre of Tring.  A large yard at the side of the premises surrounded by ample stabling for horses, kennelling for hounds, and provision for animals at livery, resulted in the hotel rapidly acquiring an excellent name as a centre for local hunting activity.  Fierce was the competition between coach proprietors to provide transport to the new railway stations, and local papers of the time carried many advertisements proclaiming what excellent services they could offer.  A spacious ballroom at the rear supplied a suitable venue for gatherings of the well-to-do of the district.  The hotel and outbuildings remain, but now all are converted to houses and apartments.

The Cow Roast Inn ― the present Cow Roast, a Grade II-listed 17th century inn, was probably built on the site of a more ancient establishment that stood by the roadside between Berkhamsted and Tring.  The name supposedly is a corruption of the original ‘Cow Rest’ or ‘Cow Roost’, an area where cattle drovers and their beasts could break their journey and rest overnight on their way to Smithfield Market in London. [7]  The travel writer John Hassell observed that the spot was . . . .
 

Driving cattle long distances continued even into the age of the railway, and drovers were required to have a licence and pay road tolls ― where they could not be avoided.  Bones of a variety of animals have been excavated around The Cow Roast, mostly of the cows penned for the night in the surrounding fields.  In 1806 these fields were owned by Thomas Landon, the owner of The Cow Roast and the wharf on the nearby Grand Junction Canal, and the stables of the inn sheltered not only the horses used on Royal Mail coaches, but also the heavier type that hauled narrow boats along the towpath.

Tring Steam Tramway.

The period 1885 to 1910 showed a rise in popularity of the light railway or tramway.  All cities and most large towns were by then connected by standard gauge railways, and the desire for rail communication between villages was natural.  The line planned for Tring was to start a few yards to the east of the London & North-Western Railway station, and would have turned west using the road bridges across the railway and Grand Junction Canal.  Its route was then to have followed Station Road to the High Street, with planned stopping points at Beechgrove House, Brook Street, Frogmore Street, The Britannia Inn, before going onwards to the outskirts of Aylesbury.  But the scheme never materialised due to lack of investment and, some believe, objections raised by Lord Rothschild.

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FOOTNOTES.

 
1. During the 19th century, some Cleveland Bays were bred with thoroughbreds to produce the ‘Yorkshire Coach Horse’, a now extinct breed once native to England.  It was a large, strong, bay or brown horse with dark legs, mane and tail. It was said to be “a longer-legged carriage horse with unmatched ability for a combination of speed, style, and power” and “a tall, elegant carriage horse”.
 
2. The King’s Messengers are generally accepted to be the origin of the postal service.  The first recorded King’s Messenger was John Norman, who was appointed in 1485 by King Richard III to hand-deliver the monarch’s secret documents.  Today, the Corps of Queen’s Messengers are couriers employed by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to carry secret and important documents to British embassies and consulates around the world.
 
3. Sited in the dip in Christchurch Road.
 
4. Now ‘The Motorists’ Centre’.
 
5. Before the invention of the envelope, letters were folded and sealed with sealing wax.
 
6. Small, two-wheeled vehicle similar to a gig.

7. There are numerous paths and lanes in the Chilterns that are enclosed with ancient hedgebanks and steep sided ditches.  These sunken tracks are known as ‘hollow-ways’, and the depth of many that run down the Chiltern escarpment reflect their origins as drove roads, in use over hundreds of years to move livestock from local villages to their common lands.  This activity, called ‘droving’, also took place along main roads, with livestock being driven to market.

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